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Levels of Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval & Ratio Scales Explained with Examples

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LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT Scales of Measurement Levels of Measurement (also called Scales of Measurement ) refer to the different ways of categorizing, ranking, or quantifying variables in research and statistics. There are four levels , arranged from the simplest to the most complex:  1. Nominal Level of Measurement  Definition:  Data is categorized into distinct groups or labels without any order or ranking.  Key Features: Used only for naming or labeling.  No mathematical operations can be performed.  Data cannot be ordered or compared. Only checks for equality or difference between categories.  Examples: Gender: Male, Female, Other  Religion: Hindu, Muslim, Christian  Blood Group: A, B, AB, O  Eye Color : Brown, Black, Blue  2. Ordinal Level of Measurement  Definition:   Data is categorized and arranged in a specific order or rank, but the difference between ranks is not equal or known.  Key Features:   ...
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What is Research? Meaning, Objectives, Types & Importance with Examples

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  What is Research? Research refers to a systematic and scientific approach to find answers or solutions to questions or problems.  It is a journey from the known to the unknown —an effort to gain new knowledge and understand hidden truths.  It includes careful observation, investigation, and experimentation. Definitions by Experts:  Redman and Mory: “Research is a systematized effort to gain new knowledge.”  Clifford Woody: “Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing it, and reaching conclusions.”  Example: A study examining how social media affects students concentration levels is a form of research that seeks to find a connection between technology use and academic focus. Objectives of Research: 1. Exploratory Research  Aims to explore new topics or gain better understanding.  Example : Studying how AI might change the education system in future.  2. Descriptive Research...
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What Is Hue, Value, and Intensity in Color? Explained with Color Wheel

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COLOR Color is a fundamental element of design, art and aesthetics . It has the power to evoke emotions, convey meaning and create visual impact.   Color plays a crucial role in interior design, influencing the mood, atmosphere, and perception of space within a room. Different colors evoke various emotions and can affect how people feel and behave in space.  Colors are created by different wavelengths of light that are reflected, transmitted or absorbed by objects.  From the vibrant hues of sunset to the subtle tones of a gray scale photograph, color plays a significant role in how we perceive and interpret the world around us. SOURCE OF COLOR  When white light falls on an opaque object, selective absorption occurs, where certain wavelengths are absorbed and others reflected. The absorbed wavelengths determine the perceived color of the object, while the reflected wavelengths contribute to its appearance. For example , a red surface appears red because it absor...
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs- Simplified Notes with Examples

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MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS- SIMPLIFIED NOTES WITH EXAMPLES 📌 Introduction ● Abraham H. Maslow , known as the Father of Humanistic Psychology, proposed the Need Hierarchy Theory in 1943 . ● This theory explains human motivation through a five-level pyramid of needs . According to Maslow, human behavior is driven by the desire to fulfill specific needs , starting from basic survival needs to higher psychological and self-growth needs. 🎯 Key Assumptions of Maslow’s Theory 1. Human needs are arranged in a hierarchy – from lower to higher levels. 2. A lower-level need must be sufficiently satisfied before a person seeks higher-level needs. 3. A satisfied need no longer motivates behavior. 4. As one set of needs is fulfilled, the next level becomes dominant . 5. Maslow called it a “ general-dynamic theory ” of motivation. 🔺️ MASLOW'S PYRAMID 5️⃣  The 5 Levels/ Stages of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 1. Physiological Needs (Basic Needs) ● These are biological needs for s...
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